How does self-regulation develop in early childhood?

Self-regulation in early childhood develops significantly through guidance, modeling, and practice, making this the most effective approach for fostering self-control and emotional regulation in young children. Guidance refers to the support and direction provided by caregivers and educators, who help children understand their own emotions and the expected behaviors in various contexts.

Modeling involves adults demonstrating self-regulation, such as managing their emotions and making thoughtful choices. When children observe these behaviors, they are more likely to imitate them. Practice comes into play as children are given opportunities to manage their own impulses and emotions in safe and structured environments. Through repeated experiences, children refine their ability to self-regulate, learning to pause and think before acting.

The other approaches, such as using rewards and punishments or strict discipline techniques, may instill short-term compliance but often do not promote the internalization of self-regulation skills. Instead, these methods can lead to dependency on external control rather than developing intrinsic motivation for self-regulation. Similarly, peer competition may create pressure or anxiety but does not inherently teach children how to manage their behaviors or emotions constructively. Thus, the most effective and sustainable way for children to develop self-regulation is through the combination of guidance, modeling, and practice.